SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    17792, 17791, 17790, 17789, 17788, 17787, 
    17786, 17785, 17784, 17775, 17774, 
    17773, 17772, 17753, 17752, 17751, 
    17750, 17749, 17748, 17747, 17746, 
    17745, 17744, 17743, 17742, 17783, 
    17782, 17781, 17780, 17779, 17778, 
    17777, 17776, 17741, 17740, 17739, 
    17738, 17737, 17771, 17770, 17769, 
    17768, 17767, 17766, 17765, 17764, 
    17763, 17762, 17761, 17760, 17759, 
    17758, 17757, 17756, 17755, 17754, 
    17736, 17735, 17734, 17733, 17730, 
    17732, 17731, 17729, 17728, 17727, 
    17726, 17725, 17667, 17679, 17678, 
    17677, 17676, 17675, 17674, 17673, 
    17672, 17671, 17670, 17669
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00108

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["usergroup", "product_id", "lower_limit", "usergroup_id"],
      "key": "product_id",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
      "rows": 157,
      "filtered": 99.94493103,
      "index_condition": "cscart_product_prices.product_id in (17792,17791,17790,17789,17788,17787,17786,17785,17784,17775,17774,17773,17772,17753,17752,17751,17750,17749,17748,17747,17746,17745,17744,17743,17742,17783,17782,17781,17780,17779,17778,17777,17776,17741,17740,17739,17738,17737,17771,17770,17769,17768,17767,17766,17765,17764,17763,17762,17761,17760,17759,17758,17757,17756,17755,17754,17736,17735,17734,17733,17730,17732,17731,17729,17728,17727,17726,17725,17667,17679,17678,17677,17676,17675,17674,17673,17672,17671,17670,17669)",
      "attached_condition": "cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 and cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id in (0,1)"
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id price
17667 3816.85000000
17669 3816.85000000
17670 4528.96000000
17671 4528.96000000
17672 4528.96000000
17673 4528.96000000
17674 4528.96000000
17675 4528.96000000
17676 4528.97000000
17677 4528.96000000
17678 4528.96000000
17679 4528.97000000
17725 1061.87000000
17726 1061.87000000
17727 1061.87000000
17728 1061.87000000
17729 1061.87000000
17730 1061.87000000
17731 1061.87000000
17732 1061.87000000
17733 1769.65000000
17734 1769.65000000
17735 1769.65000000
17736 1769.65000000
17737 1769.65000000
17738 1769.65000000
17739 1769.65000000
17740 1769.65000000
17741 1769.65000000
17742 1481.80000000
17743 1481.80000000
17744 1481.80000000
17745 1481.80000000
17746 1481.80000000
17747 1481.80000000
17748 1481.80000000
17749 1481.80000000
17750 1481.80000000
17751 1481.80000000
17752 1481.80000000
17753 1481.80000000
17754 1592.60000000
17755 1592.60000000
17756 1592.60000000
17757 1592.60000000
17758 1592.60000000
17759 1592.60000000
17760 1592.60000000
17761 1197.86000000
17762 1197.86000000
17763 1197.86000000
17764 1197.86000000
17765 1197.86000000
17766 1197.86000000
17767 1197.86000000
17768 1197.86000000
17769 1197.86000000
17770 1197.86000000
17771 1197.86000000
17772 1715.18000000
17773 1715.18000000
17774 1715.18000000
17775 1715.18000000
17776 2178.02000000
17777 2178.02000000
17778 2178.02000000
17779 2178.02000000
17780 2178.02000000
17781 2178.02000000
17782 2178.02000000
17783 2178.02000000
17784 0.00000000
17785 0.00000000
17786 0.00000000
17787 0.00000000
17788 0.00000000
17789 0.00000000
17790 0.00000000
17791 0.00000000
17792 0.00000000